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Let $ k $ be a field and let $ X $ be a smooth projective variety over $ k $ of dimension $ d $. We denote by $ \overline{X} = X \times_k \overline{k} \ $ the base change of $ X $ to the algebraic closure $ \overline{k} $. Then he Galois group $ G = \mathrm{Gal} ( \overline{k} / k ) $ acts on $ \overline{X} $ via the second factor.

Question. Is it true that the $ \ell $ - adic étale cohomology vector space $ H^{2k} ( X , \, \mathbb{Q}_{ \ell } (r) ) $ verifies $$ H^{2r} ( X , \, \mathbb{Q}_{ \ell } (r) ) \simeq H^{2r} ( \overline{X} , \mathbb{Q}_{ \ell } (r) )^G \, ?$$ If so, how can we prove it?

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  • $\begingroup$ I don't think so. The two are related by the Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence, but I am not qualified to elaborate on exactly how all that works. I think it might fail even for $X=Spec(k)$. $\endgroup$
    – Wojowu
    Apr 13, 2021 at 17:39
  • $\begingroup$ @Wojowu In his paper "Continuous étale cohomology", Jannsen says that this Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence for ordinary étale cohomology does not exist in general. It exists for continuous étale cohomology though (but I would be unable to give an example). $\endgroup$ Apr 13, 2021 at 18:15
  • $\begingroup$ @FrançoisBrunault If the mod $\ell^n$ cohomology groups are finite then continuous and usual etale cohomology agree, so it's OK. (Luckily, they are finite in my examples.) $\endgroup$
    – Will Sawin
    Apr 13, 2021 at 18:17
  • $\begingroup$ @FrançoisBrunault Thanks for the remark. As I mentioned I am not well acquainted with the theory. $\endgroup$
    – Wojowu
    Apr 13, 2021 at 18:19

2 Answers 2

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This is false for a general field $k$. It is true for some special fields, like finite fields.

Counterexample: Take $k = \mathbb C((t))$, $E$ an elliptic curve over $\mathbb C$ base-changed to $\mathbb C((t))$, $r=1$. Because we're over $\mathbb C$, the twists don't matter and can be ignored.

$H^2(\overline{E}, \mathbb Q_\ell) =\mathbb Q_\ell$ and so its Galois-invariants are one-dimensional. However, we'll show the left side is three-dimensional.

The Galois group of $\mathbb C((t))$ is $\hat{\mathbb Z}$, so the Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence (which exists because the torsion etale cohomology groups in this setting are finite, so usual etale cohomology agrees with continuous etale cohomology, which has Hochschild-Serre) $$ H^p ( \mathbb C((t)), H^q( \overline{E}, \mathbb Q_\ell )) \to H^{p+q} ( E, \mathbb Q_\ell)$$ is nontrivial only for $p=0,1$, $q= 0,1,2$. Because the Galois action on the cohomology groups is trivial, we will have $\dim H^{0,0} = \dim H^{1,0}=1, \dim H^{0,1}= \dim H^{1,1}=2, \dim H^{0,2} = \dim H^{1,2} =2$. There are no possible nonvanishing differentials, and so $\dim H^2 =2 + 1 = 3$.


Over finite fields, we again have finite torsion cohomology groups and thus a Hochschild-Serre sequence. We again have cohomology only for $p=0,1$, but now the Tate twist does play a role, and the Galois action on cohomology is nontrivial.

$H^0 ( \mathbb F_q, V)$ is only nontrivial when the eigenvalues of Frobenius acting on $V$ include $1$. Since $H^q (\overline{X}, \mathbb Q_\ell(r)) $ is pure of weight $q-2r$, this can happen only for $q=2r$. Again there are no possible nontrivial differentials, but now the only group that contributions to $H^{2r} (X, \mathbb Q_\ell(r))$ is $p=0, q=2r$, which indeed is $H^{2r}(\overline{X}, \mathbb Q_\ell(r))^{\operatorname{Gal}(\mathbb F_q)}$.


For number fields $K$, it fails for $r=1$, $X$ a point. This may be what gdchtf meant.

In this case, the right side vanishes and the left side is the inverse limit of $H^2 ( K , \mathbb Z/\ell^n (1))$ as $n$ goes to $\infty$.

By Brauer theory, say for $\ell$ odd, this torsion cohomology group is the set of finitely supported $\mathbb Z/\ell^n$-valued functions on the set of finite places of $K$ which sum to $0$.

The inverse limit would be $\mathbb Z_\ell$-valued functions on the set of finite places whose sum converges to $0$ in the $\ell$-adic topology. (For the sum to converge at all, there must be only finitely many terms nonzero mod $\ell^n$ for each $n$.)

Inverting $\ell$, we get $\mathbb Q_\ell$-valued functions on the set of finite places whose sum converges to $0$.

This vector space is infinite-dimensional and does not vanish.

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  • $\begingroup$ What about for number fields ? Thank you. :) $\endgroup$
    – Bradley04
    Apr 13, 2021 at 18:21
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    $\begingroup$ @YoYo For number fields, it is also false - see edit. $\endgroup$
    – Will Sawin
    Apr 13, 2021 at 18:27
  • $\begingroup$ What is the crucial point here? Is that essentially that taking homotopy invariants does not reduce to invariants of cohomology groups? $\endgroup$
    – Z. M
    Apr 13, 2021 at 18:31
  • $\begingroup$ @Z.M. Certainly, but the additional restriction that we only look at cohomology in degree $2r$ of $\mathbb Q_\ell(r)$ makes it harder to find an example where they differ - impossible, in the finite field case. $\endgroup$
    – Will Sawin
    Apr 13, 2021 at 18:32
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No. Take $k=\mathbb{Q}$, $X=\mathrm{Spec}\:k$, $r=0$.

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    $\begingroup$ I get $ \mathbb Q_\ell = \mathbb Q_\ell^{ \operatorname{Gal}(\mathbb Q)}$, which is correct, what's the problem? $\endgroup$
    – Will Sawin
    Apr 13, 2021 at 17:55

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