Questions tagged [infinite-sequences]
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75
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Is $\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk^i=S_3(n)\times\frac{P_{i-3}(n)}{N_i}$ for odd $i>1,\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk^i=S_2(n)\times\frac{P_{i-2}'(n)}{N_i}$ for even $i$?
I asked this question here
When I was in high school, I was fascinated by $\displaystyle\sum\limits_{k=1}^n k= \frac{n(n+1)}{2}$ so I tried to find the general solution for $\displaystyle\sum\...
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1
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The sequence has a stationary accumulation point
Let $f:\mathbb{R}^n\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be a smooth (continuously differentiable), convex function with a non-empty set of minimizers and $\{x^k\}$ be a sequence such that
(a) $\{x^k\}$ has an ...
- 21
3
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1
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When is an upper bound on the longest irreducible program outputting something computable?
Given some way to to encode programs to strings with a finite alphabet, which we assume has a computable translation to/from Turing machines, a program is irreducible if no subsequence of it has the ...
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1
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A second attempt at a two-dimensional Higman's Lemma
Let $A$ be a fixed finite alphabet.
If $s$ and $t$ are finite strings over $A$, define $s\leq t$ if $s$ can be obtained by deleting zero or more characters from $t$. Higman's Lemma states that if $s_1,...
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36
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Summation of the following form with non-integer n
I have the following function:
$$ G(z) = \sum_{j = 0}^{\infty} \frac{\Gamma(1 + n) z^j}{j ! (\Lambda + jC)^{n+1}} $$
If $n \quad \epsilon \quad \mathbb{Z}^{+} $, the above function can be ...
- 159
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1
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Is there a summation method where the divergent series $S = U_0+U_1+U_2+\dots$ converges to a finite value(V2)?
I have a question regarding this question here.
is-there-a-summation-method-where-the-divergent-series
if I set $ x+2=c/c-v$ , will I have
$U_n = M\left(c-\frac{c}{n+2}\right)-M\left(c-\frac{c}{n+1}\...
- 33
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Under what conditions is $\lim_{x\to a}\left|\varphi\circ f(x)-\tau \circ g(x)\right|=0$ true?
This question is inspired from another much easier problem I was trying to solve which I tried to generalize. The question is essentially as follows (assuming all the limits exist)
If $a\in \mathbb R\...
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1
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Is there a summation method where the divergent series $S = U_0+U_1+U_2+\dots$ converges to a finite value?
Consider the function
$$
M(v) = \frac{m_0}{\sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{v}{c}\right)^2}},
$$ where $v \in \left]-c;c\right[$, $m_0\in\mathbb{R}^{*+}$, and $c=3\cdot10^8$.
Let $(U_n)$ be a sequence with ...
- 33
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Draw an arbitrary line on a Penrose tiling. Determine a sequence of tiles can it intersect
Let us consider a Penrose tiling of $\mathbb R^2$. Starting with an arbitrary point on the tiling, draw an arbitrary straight line. Assume that this straight line never overlaps perfectly with a ...
- 755
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votes
2
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368
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Probability of winning game whereby $T+1$ heads in a row of a coin flip is required to win where $T$ is the number of cumulative tails flipped
I have a weird question which probably seems out of place here but it has proven more difficult than anticipated. I am going to describe the game without showing work toward a solution. Numerically, ...
user504691
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59
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Factor group of all the sequences by the subgroup of bounded sequences
Consider the group G of the sequences of real numbers (the group operation is addition). It contains a subgroup H of bounded sequences.
Is there any nice description of the factor group G/H ?
It is ...
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90
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How to solve the following infinite ladder fraction? ( Through pen & paper ) [closed]
The fraction continues till infinity as shown in the image :
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1
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106
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Given a real $x>1$, construct an aperiodic substitution sequence whose complexity functions grow like $xn$
The Fibonacci word is a binary sequence defined as follows.
We use a substitution rule $0\to 01$, $1\to 0$. Then, starting with the binary string $0$, apply the substitution rules successively. So we ...
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Positive linear recurrent sequence
Suppose there is a linearly recurrent sequence $a_k$ satisfies
$a_k\geq 0$ and $\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}a_k=1$.
Can we always find a $x$ and $r<1$ such that
$a_k\leq x r^k$?
- 1,473
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1
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195
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All group structures on a set with cardinality $\aleph_0$
Assume we consider the additive group $(\mathbb{Z}, 0, +)$. I am wondering what other group structures are there with neutral element 0 fixed? Is there a way to classify them or find them all?
- 729
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168
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Shift Operators and the Weyl Algebra
I have a question about the action of a shift operator $E$ on polynomials $Ep(x) = p(x+1)$ in the context of linear differential operators in one variable with polynomial coefficients, i.e. ...
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124
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Mellin transform (of sequences)
Is it possible to define the Mellin transform for sequences of real numbers or even for tuples? Is there any book treating this argument?
Any idea or suggestion will be greatly appreciated
Since the ...
- 131
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195
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What are the hidden assumptions behind Harvey Friedman's claim, CSR?
I'm doing some archeology and trying to understand a claim. As summed up by David Roberts, on the FOM list in 2011:
Let the statement "every infinite sequence of rationals in [0,1] has an ...
- 404
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144
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Infinite matrices from $\ell^p$ to $\ell^{p/(p-1)}$ that are compact operators
I wanted to ask if my proof (sketch) of the following statement is correct. Namely, let $p>1$ and define $q= \frac{p}{p-1}$ we are given an operator $K : \ell^{p} \rightarrow \ell^{q}$ defined as $...
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Where is the source of the formula $\sum_{j=0}^\infty \bigl(j+\frac{1}{2}\bigr)^{n-1}\frac{2^{j+1/2}}{\binom{2j+1}{j+1/2}}$ for an integer sequence?
The infinite series representation
\begin{equation}
\frac1\pi\sum_{j=0}^\infty \biggl(j+\frac{1}{2}\biggr)^{n-1}\frac{2^{j+1/2}}{\binom{2j+1}{j+1/2}}, \quad n\ge0
\end{equation}
for the positive ...
- 796
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187
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Uniform distribution of log(log((n!)!)) mod 1
Can it be shown that the sequence $\log(\log((n!)!))$ is uniformly distributed mod 1? I believe it should be, but I'm not certain if Stirling's approximation repeated twice combined with the ...
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The justifiable universe
Over the years of my study of set theory, I have encountered several sentences of the form V = X: V = L, V = HOD, V = WF (the exclusive assertion of the cumulative hierarchy), and (if I understand ...
3
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55
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Some exercise on the regularity of a summability method
I was reading the book of Johann Boos "Classical and modern method in summability theory" and I came across an exercise from the Chapter 2 (page 50, exercise 2.3.15). Here is the statement ...
- 31
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Characterization of tempered distributions from tempered sequences
Let $\mathcal{D}(\mathbb{R})$ be the space of compactly supported and infinitely smooth functions for its usual topology. Let
$\mathcal{D}'(\mathbb{R})$ be the topological dual of $\mathcal{D}(\...
- 2,152
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90
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Generalizion of Euler identity with infinite sum of inverse squares
For $x,y\in \mathbb{R}\backslash \mathbb{Z}$ let
$$
f(x,y)=\sum_{n\in\mathbb{Z}} \frac{1}{(n-x)(n-y)}
$$
Is there a closed formula for $f(x,y)$?
What is known:
We have
$$
f(x,x)=\left(\frac{\pi}{\sin(\...
- 2,286
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votes
1
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"Approximating" linear recursion with homogenous polynomial coefficients by linear recursion with constant coefficients
In a lecture I once attended, I remember the speaker using a result of the following nature:
$``$Let $\{A_n\}_{n=1}^\infty \subset \mathbb R$ be a sequence satisfying a recursion of the form
$$P(n) ...
- 709
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1
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Decreasing sequences in a finitely generated closure algebra
I am interested in finitely generated closure algebras (as a special case of Heyting algebras), and in decreasing sequences of elements within such an algebra that have no lower bound.
Call two ...
- 21
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Comparison of product topology and colimit topology in sequence spaces
In Munkres Theorem 20.4 it is shown that the (relative) uniform topology induced by:
$$
d(x,y)\triangleq \sup_{n \in \mathbb{N}} d(x_n,y_n)
$$
is strictly finer than the product topology on $\prod_{n \...
- 5,001
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235
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Cardinal numbers and the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem
Let $\kappa$ be a cardinal number, define $\textsf{M}(\kappa)$ and $\textsf{BW}(\kappa)$ as follows:
$\textsf{M}(\kappa)$ : For every sequence $(f_{n}:\kappa\to \mathbb{R})_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ of real-...
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Meetability of $\pm 1$-functions on $\omega$
If ${\cal S}$ is a collection of functions $f:\omega\to\omega$ we say that ${\cal S}$ is meetable if there is a "global function" $g:\omega\to \omega$ such that for every $f\in {\cal S}$ there is $n\...
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Existence of limit computable map
Is there a limit computable function $\Phi$ with the following properties?
Let $T\subset \mathbb{N}^{<\mathbb{N}}$ be a tree (coded as its characteristic function) and $f\in\mathbb{N}^\mathbb{N}$ ...
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Can this infinite sum for the Riemann zeta function be generalised?
I recently derived the following identity (which is probably a rediscovery of something well-known to experts).
$$\sum_{k=1}^\infty{\frac{(-1)^{k+1}k^{4n+1}}{e^{k \pi}-(-1)^k}}=\frac{1}{2}\zeta\left(-...
- 2,842
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Is there a two-dimensional Higman's lemma?
A string over a finite alphabet $A$ can be thought of as a function
$f:\{1,2,...,m\} \rightarrow A$ for some natural number $m$.
A 2-Dim string over $A$ is a function $f$ where
$f:\{1,2,\ldots,m\}\...
11
votes
1
answer
591
views
Integrals of power towers
Let's assume $x\in[0,1]$, and restrict all functions of $x$ that we consider to this domain. Consider a sequence $\mathcal S_n$ of sets of functions, where $n^{\text{th}}$ element is the set of all ...
- 6,629
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Positive density of certain arithmetic sequence
Let $\{a_i\}_{i=0}^{\infty}$ be a sequence of positive real numbers bounded above by some uniform constant. For each $k,n\geq 1$ let
$$
A^{(k)}_n:=\prod_{i=k}^{n+k-1}a_i
$$
and suppose that there ...
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The range of the Euler totient function and multiplication by 28
If $n$ is in the range of the Euler totient function, certain multiples of $n$ are likewise guaranteed to be totient values. The simplest nontrivial example of this is that, if $n$ is in the range of ...
- 3,565
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1
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Modular arithmetic and elementary symmetric functions
Denote the elementary symmetric functions in $n$ variables by $e_k(x_1, x_2,\dots, x_n)$. In the special case $x_j=j$, simply write $e_k(n)$ for $e_k(1, 2, \dots, n)$. Next, define the sequence
$$a_{+}...
- 41.2k
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Asymptotic rate for $\sum\binom{n}k^{-1}$
This MO question prompted me to ask:
What is the second order asymptotic growth/decay rate for the sum
$$\sum_{k=0}^n\frac1{\binom{n}k}$$
as $n\rightarrow\infty$?
- 41.2k
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Is this a Borel summable $ S = \sum_{k=0}^\infty (-1)^k (k!)a_k $ with $ a_k$ alternating sequence?
let $ S = \sum_{k=0}^\infty (-1)^k (k!)a_k $ a divergent series such that $b_k=(-1)^k (k!)a_k >0 $ for $k>1$ , and $b_k$ signed this from $k=1$ to $20$ ,The asymptotic of the titled series ...
user119110
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Different notions of computable binary sequence
The standard definition of computability, for a sequence $s\in\{0,1\}^\omega$, is that there is a Turing machine outputting $s[i]$ on input $i$.
I'm looking for strengthenings of this notion; for ...
- 2,469
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Is there an infinite product like this for $\cos x$?
There are infinite products of iterated square roots for $\log x$ and $\arccos x$ as functions of $x$. For example
$$\log x = \frac{x - 1}{\sqrt{x}\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}\left ( \frac{1 + x}{...
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2
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Reference request for function by which to compute coefficients of continued fraction of algebaic number
The simple continued fraction is in the form
$$[1;1,2,3,4,5,\dots]=1+\cfrac{1}{1+\cfrac{1}{2+\cdots}}, $$ for instance. Obviously,the coefficients $x_i$can be computed by computable function $x_i=f(i),...
- 2,862
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0
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Is there any irrational algebraic number among the set? [closed]
Suppose $S$ is set of numbers such that every number in it expands in decimal digits,every digit is 0 or 1,and $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{C_{n}(0)}{n}=\frac{1}{2}$ where ${C_{n}(0)}$ and ${C_{n}(...
- 2,862
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votes
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Irreducibility of polynomials corresponding to sequences
I have no experience with this, so I dont know if this is too easy for MO.
Let $(a_n)$ be a strictly monotone sequence of natural numbers, then define the set of nice numbers of $(a_n)$ as $X(a_n):=\{...
- 25.4k
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2
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1k
views
Algorithm to check if vertex belong to infinite path in Graph theory
My purpose is to understand if in a graph $G = \langle V, E\rangle$ given 4 vertices in input (a, b ,c and d) they belong to an infinite path. With infinite path I mean a vertex succession that has a ...
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What's "serialization" really called, and is there any theory surrounding it?
Define an operator $\mathop{\vec{\bigcup}}$ as follows:
Definition. Whenever $A$ is an $I$-indexed family of sets, where $I$ is a totally-ordered set, we have $$\mathop{\vec{\bigcup}}_{i \in I} A_i ...
- 3,683
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2
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168
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Closed form of $\sum_{i=k}^\infty i h {i \choose {k-1}} h^{k-1} (1-h)^{i - (k-1)}$?
Is there a closed form solution to the expression below? Or, if there is no closed form solution but the series converges, is there some upper bound on this expression?
$$\mathbb E_{i \sim Q}[i] = \...
- 3
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447
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Put 10 balls in the jar then randomly take 1 out. Do it infinitely many times. Find the probability of resulting in an empty jar [closed]
The original discussion (in Chinese): https://www.zhihu.com/question/58702489
The original problem was from an probability theory exam. The problem is translated as:
Assume an infinitely large jar ...
- 39
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votes
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755
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The need for nets in topology
I remember when I first heard about nets in topology (called also Moore-Smith sequences). I was told that most of useful topological properties which can be exressed in terms of sequences in the ...
- 9,170
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1
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Adding the harmonic sequence and a permutation of it
Let $\pi:\mathbb{N}\to\mathbb{N}$ be a bijection. Then does there exist another bijection $\nu:\mathbb{N}\to\mathbb{N}$ and a constant $C$ such that
$$
\frac{1}{n} + \frac{1}{\pi(n)} \leq \frac{C}{\...
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